PAPERS, PATENTS, AND SUPPLEMENTAL RESOURCES

REFEREED PUBLICATIONS (2025):

1.  "Expanding Electric and Vehicle-Based Solar Transit Options with Breakthrough Vehicular Efficiencies," World Electric Vehicle Journal, Vol. 16, No. 11, 2025, pp. 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16110628. Suppes, A.B., and Suppes, G., Highlight: A 20% to 80% reduction in resistance due to reduced drag and mitigated rolling loses could transform transit. 
2. "Optimizing Computational Efficiency with Preliminary 2D CFD for Ground-Effect Flight Transit Vehicle Design," Advances in Aerospace Science and Technology, 2025,   Paper. Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., Highlight: A results-driven objective function that minimizes turbulence in the CFD simulation mesh effectively identifies an optimal setting for trailing-section upper-surface ducted fans toward identifying optimal configurations and operational parameter for systems where the propulsor aerodynamics is highly coupled with the vehicle L/D efficiency.
3. "Aerodynamics: A Different Perspective with Profound Implications," Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 11, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2025.1616607. Suppes, A.B., and Suppes, G.J., Highlight: Replacing 95% of wheel suspension with aerodynamic lift has a transformative impact including transformation of rail transit to higher speed and multimodal capabilities where rubber tires replace steel wheels. 
4. "Low-Risk High-Reward Transition to Low Pressure Tunnel Transit," Engineering and Technology Journal, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2025, pp. 4994–5004. https://doi.org/10.47191/etj/v10i05.28. Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., Highlight: Significant errors have been made in Hyperloop and related tunnel transit research where vehicle aerodynamics has not been properly optimized to utilize ground-effect and tunnel-effect toward achieving higher energy efficiencies and high speed transit with open entrances and exits.
5. "Overcoming Boundary-Layer Separation with Distributed Propulsion," Sustainable Engineering and Technological Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 01, 2025, pp. 71–89. https://doi.org/10.70516/7a9e2y30. Suppes, A., Suppes, G., and Al-Moameri, H., Highlight: Mitigating of rolling losses substantially reduces the energy needed for electric trucks where ground-effect flight transit (GEFT) designs are able to substantially reduce energy consumption and make electric trucks happen faster and better.
6. "An Airfoil Science Including Causality," Sustainable Engineering and Technological Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2025, pp. 12–31. https://doi.org/10.70516/j215nh63. Suppes, A., Suppes, G., Lubguban, A., and Al-Maomeri, H., Highlight: For over a century, the aerospace industry has been absent a simple explanation of how air flow generates aerodynamic lift; this paper identifies that explanation which rises to the level a new paradigm with all the identifiers of a scientific revolution and associated transit revolution.

STRATEGIC PREPRINTS - key references as preprints.

• [1] "Review and Evolution of Ground Effect Flight Transit Vehicles (GEFT)," Cambridge Open Engage Pre-Print, 2025, Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2025-sw0l1. An updated record of GEFT evolution and strategic advance which is kept updated.
• [17] "Thermodynamic Analysis of Distributed Propulsion," Research Square, 2023, pp. 1–26. Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4670270/v1. When a propulsor is operated to increase aircraft L/D; what is the gain from reduced drag versus loss of thrust? This is a first analysis of that and a reference used in future work.
• [7] "Thin Cambered Lifting Bodies in Ground Effect Flight," Engrxix Engineering Archive Pre-Print, No. 1, 2024, Suppes, A.B., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.31224/4136. This work identifies the strategic features and variations of thin cambered airfoils toward insight into how to design wings and lifting bodies.

 2024 PCT Patent Applications:

PCT Dec 2024--passed pre-exam.

PCT Jun 2024 - passed Article 34 Pre-examination.

REFEREED TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD PAPER/POSTER

TRB Paper Entitled, “Highly-Efficiency Low-AR Aerial Vehicles in Urban Transit” (Jan 8, 2024)

TRB Poster (Jan 8, 2024)

WORKS IN PROGRESS -Preprints in  process of being converted to a refereed publication.

• [3] "Extended Implications of Racecar Ground-Effect Machines," Cambridge Engage Pre-Prints, 2025, Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2025-9xnch. An insightful analogy of ground-effect-flight transit (which is not main stream) to main stream racecar designs.*
• [5] "Seamless Multimodal Passenger-Oriented Service for River and Bay Communities," TechRxiv Preprints, 2025, Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.173932982.23714576/v1. GEFT are significantly different that WIG aircraft; this identifies the strategic differences and the significant commercial opportunity.*
• [6] "GEFT Scheduling to Maximize Value of Current Infrastructure and Upside Potential," Cambridge Open Engage [Pre-Print], 2025, Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2025-x07tg. Scheduling of transit is the key to ending traffic jams and about a trillion dollars a year in money value of the money-value-of-time. This paper identifies how to improve rail transit with scheduling and GEFT technology.*
• [8] "Critical Data and Thinking in Ground Effect Vehicle Design," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Open Engage, 2024. Suppes, G., and Suppes, A., https://www.cambridge.org/engage/https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2024-76mzx. GEFT technology is a bridging technology which increases efficiency of highway/railway/waterway modes of transit and paves the way for sustained evolution to great advantage. This work is a precursor to a wholistic review of transit with comparison of performance advantages and the strategic evolution it identifies.*
• [13] "New Benchmarks in Ground-Effect Flight Energy Efficiency," July, 2024, Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4707178/v1https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4707178/v1 [cited Jul 29 2024]. GEFT technology is a bridging technology between highway/railway/water modes of transit to high-performance multimodality; this paper summarizes efficiencies of benchmark modes of transit and identifies how GEFT overcomes efficiencies as a bridging technology that both increases efficiency and makes multimodality a sustainable evolutionary path of transit.* 
• [work in progress] “Digital Prototypes Analysis of Boundary Layer Separation Mitigation for Vehicles of High Thickness to Length”.

Vitae Galen Suppes, PhD, P.E.

Data Management Policy - HS-Drone LLC is a patent and license company, promptly  filing patent applications then publishing results, seeking collaboration to commercialize.  

MORE ON PATENT APPLICATIONS

Patent Application  US17/795,612 - Allowed indep. claims as follows.  Anticipated issue NOV-2024.

•   1.   A lifting body surface, said lifting body surface pivotally connected to a propulsion means through a pivoting connection, the connection pivoting about a later axis, in a front 25% of said lifting body surface; said lifting body surface comprising a sheet, a leading edge, a trailing edge, an average chord length, two sides, an average span between said sides, and a distributed load; wherein the average chord length is greater than the average span, and wherein the lifting body surface is configured to operate as a flat plate airfoil.
• 10.   An aerial vehicle comprising: a plurality of lift-generating surfaces, said plurality comprising a lifting body surface and a tiltwing; said plurality of lift generating surfaces configured to form a liftpath; said tiltwing pivotably coupled to said lifting body surface and having at least one tiltwing propulsor;  wherein said liftpath is an approximately-flat aerodynamically-contiguous rectangular surface longitudinally longer than laterally wide. 
• 16.   A aerial vehicle comprising: a plurality of landing configurations, at least one front tiltwing having at least one tiltwing propulsor, a lifting body surface, and a failsafe vertical landing configuration using only propulsion force from said at least one tiltwing propulsor, said propulsion force having a ratio of vertical lift to horizontal thrust greater than one, and wherein the at least one front tiltwing is pivotally connected to the lifting body surface through a pivoting connection, the connection pivoting about a later axis, in a front 25% of the lifting body surface.

Patent Application PCT/US24/35242;  Entitled: “Ground Effect Aircraft” (June, 2024)

• Summarizes 18 months of innovation including priority provisional patent applications of the dates: 6/25/2023, 8/1/2023, 8/16/23, 8/30/23, 9/29,23, 11/3/23, 12/3/23, 12/29/23, 2/15/2024, and 5/20/24.
• Provides 32 charts/drawings of aircraft embodiments and performance results.
• Provides patent claims on ground-effect vehicle configuration, Lift-Span Technology, and the cross-over propulsor.
• Provides a Specification enabling continuation-in-part or divisional patent applications on technologies of: Bernoulli Loops, Control Algorithm for Ground-Effect Aircraft, Solar Aircraft with Bifacial Panel Lifting Body Surface, Railway Tracks with Lift-Enhancing Walls, Novel Towed Platform Aircraft, and Fan Configuration with Focusing Discharge.
• Provides concisely stated illustrative examples in paragraph 110a-n. 

Patent Application PCT/US24/62323--Adds details of claim to PCT/US24/25242.

News Release of initial ground-effect vehicle (Pap C, Jan. 6, 2024)

Other Preprints (some converted to refereed papers)

"Extreme Multimodality and Seamless Transit," TechRxiv Preprints, 2025, Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.173932968.82108672/v1.

"Ground Effect Flight Transit (GEFT) in Subways," Vol. 1, 2024, Suppes, G., and Suppes, A., https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2024-6w0lw.

"Ground Effect Flight Transit (GEFT) – Towards Trans-Modal Sustainability," Vol. 1, 2024, Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2024-prxvr.

"Ground Effect Flight Transit (GEFT) – Approaches to Design," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Open Engage, 2024. Suppes, G., and Suppes, A., https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/article-details/66b2340b01103d79c5e7ab23 https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2024-2c87q.

"Aerodynamic Lift Railcar Suspension – Faster, Quieter, More-Efficient," Suppes, A., and Suppes, G., Railway Engineering Science, pp. 1–16. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/bc011535-7f71-4d13-b8d1-a7b0a380884f/Railway.pdf

"Computational Analysis of Towed Solar Platform Aircraft," Research Square, 2023, pp. 1–29. Suppes, G., and Suppes, A., https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4670250/v2.

FIRST PUBLICATIONS ON GEFT TECHNOLOGY AND THEORY

Fixing Airplane Science - If only we would have known (Booklet, see Amazon Kindle)

Fixing Airplane Science - Ground effect aircraft (Booklet, see Amazon Kindle)

Fixing Airplane Science - Analogies versus basic physics (Booklet, see Amazon Kindle)